You’re Probably Getting Low Water Pressure - Here’s Why

Causes of Low Water Pressure

Low Water Pressure in the Whole House

Clogged Pipes

Low water pressure throughout the entire house can be frustrating and may indicate a more significant underlying issue. One common cause is clogged pipes, where over time, mineral deposits and debris can accumulate inside the pipes, restricting water flow and reducing pressure. This issue is particularly prevalent in homes with hard water and can be identified by a gradual decrease in water pressure. 

Leaks

Leaks in the plumbing system can also reduce water pressure as water escapes from the system before reaching the fixtures. Common signs of leaks include wet spots on walls or floors, the sound of running water when no fixtures are on, and higher-than-normal water bills. Inspect visible pipes and fixtures for signs of leaks and use the water meter test to detect hidden leaks by noting the meter reading, avoiding water usage for a few hours, and then checking for any changes in the reading.

Use a Flood Protec Anti Flood Adapter to prevent accidental fixture leaks.

Faulty Pressure Regulator

A faulty pressure regulator, which controls the water pressure entering your home, can either decrease or increase pressure inconsistently. This issue is often indicated by fluctuating water pressure, sudden drops in pressure, and unusual noises in the plumbing system. Checking and adjusting the pressure regulator can sometimes resolve the issue, but if the regulator is old or not functioning correctly, it may need to be replaced. More about pressure regulators is listed below.

Local Water Supply

Issues with the local water supply can also cause low water pressure. Maintenance work, pipe bursts, or changes in water demand in the municipal supply can affect pressure. If low pressure is affecting multiple homes in the area, contacting the local water supplier to report the issue and get updates is recommended. Monitoring for any improvements after the utility company addresses the problem can help determine if the issue has been resolved.

Main Water Valve

Another root cause could be the main water valve, which controls the flow of water into your home, may not be fully open. If this valve is partially closed, it can restrict water flow and reduce pressure throughout the house. Locate the main water valve, usually near the water meter, and check that it is fully turned to the open position.

Low Water Pressure in the Shower and Tub

Sediment Build-Up

Over time, mineral deposits can clog the tiny holes in showerheads, reducing water flow. This problem can usually be resolved by removing the showerhead and soaking it in vinegar to dissolve the deposits, then using a brush to clean out any remaining debris.

Faulty Shower Valves

Another common issue is faulty shower valves (rough-in), which control the flow and mix of hot and cold water. A malfunctioning valve can lead to low pressure, and it may be necessary to inspect and replace the shower valve to restore proper water flow. 

Low Water Pressure in the Kitchen or Bathroom Sink

Aerators

For kitchen and bathroom faucets, a common problem leading to low water pressure is blocked aerators. Aerators are small screens attached to the end of the faucet to control water flow, and they can get clogged with debris over time. To fix this, unscrew the aerator and clean it thoroughly, soaking it in vinegar to rid of mineral-rich build-up.

Internal Flow Restrictors

Faucets often have internal flow restrictors designed to save water, but these can also become clogged. Disassembling the faucet to clean or replace the restrictor can help restore normal water pressure.

Leaking Faucet Handle or Spout

A leaking faucet handle or spout can cause low water pressure by allowing water to escape before it reaches the intended outlet. This unintended leakage reduces the overall water volume available at the faucet, resulting in diminished water flow. Over time, continuous leaks can also lead to a buildup of mineral deposits or corrosion within the faucet components, further obstructing water flow and exacerbating the low-pressure issue. 

To fix a leaking handle or spout, replace the cartridge inside the handle. Explore replacement handle cartridges.

How to Measure Flow Rate

Measuring the flow rate of water fixtures in your home helps you understand how much water is delivered by faucets, showerheads, and other fixtures, allowing you to identify potential problems and optimize water usage.

Understanding Water Flow Rates: A Comprehensive Guide

One effective method to measure water flow rate is the bucket test. Start by obtaining a container with a known volume, such as a 1-gallon bucket or a large measuring cup, and ensure that the container is clearly marked for accuracy. Fully turn on the water fixture, place the container under the flow, and time how long it takes to fill to the marked volume. Record the time in seconds. 

Use the formula:

Flow Rate (gallons per minute, gpm) = (Volume (gallons) / Time (seconds)) x 60 seconds. For example, if it takes 15 seconds to fill a 1-gallon bucket, the flow rate is calculated as 1( gallon / 15 seconds) x 60 seconds, which equals 4 gpm.

Another method involves using a flow meter, a device that measures the flow rate directly when attached to a water fixture. Attach the flow meter to the fixture according to the manufacturer’s instructions, turn on the fixture, and read the flow rate directly from the meter’s display.

More About Location Regulations on Water Flow Rates

Local and federal regulations can affect the flow rates of fixtures in your home. Water flow regulations are primarily aimed at conserving water and ensuring sustainable usage. These regulations help reduce water consumption and promote environmental conservation by setting maximum flow rates for plumbing fixtures like faucets, showerheads, and toilets. Key regulatory bodies include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which certifies products that meet water efficiency and performance criteria through the WaterSense program, and state and local governments, many of which have their own, often more stringent, regulations. For example, California has specific standards due to its frequent drought conditions. Common examples of flow rate regulations are faucets typically limited to 1.5 gallons per minute (gpm) or less, showerheads generally restricted to 2.0 gpm or less, and toilets that must use no more than 1.28 gallons per flush (gpf).

Water Pressure Regulator: What Is It and Is It Failing?

A water pressure regulator is a vital component of your plumbing system that ensures water is delivered at a safe and consistent pressure. Understanding its function, how to identify problems, and how to maintain it can help prevent low water pressure issues in your home.

A water pressure regulator, also known as a pressure-reducing valve (PRV), is a device installed on the main water line to regulate the pressure of water entering your home. It adjusts the pressure to a safe level, protecting plumbing fixtures and appliances from damage caused by excessively high water pressure. The unit uses a spring-loaded diaphragm to control the pressure. As water enters the regulator, the diaphragm adjusts to maintain a consistent pressure level, regardless of variations in the supply pressure from the municipal water line. It prevents damage to pipes, fixtures, and appliances, and reduces the risk of leaks and burst pipes caused by high pressure.

Signs of a failing pressure regulator include fluctuating water pressure, unusual noises, inconsistent water flow, visible damage, and high water pressure. If you notice sudden changes in water pressure, it could indicate a problem, with pressure potentially dropping significantly or spiking unexpectedly. Strange noises like banging, humming, or vibrating sounds in the pipes can also be a sign of malfunction, often occurring when the regulator struggles to maintain consistent pressure. Inspect the unit for signs of wear, corrosion, or physical damage, as leaks or moisture around the device area. If you have a pressure gauge, check the water pressure. A reading above 80 psi suggests the regulator may not be functioning correctly.

If adjustments do not stabilize the pressure or if the regulator shows signs of significant wear or damage, it may need to be replaced. Professional assessment and replacement are recommended for optimal safety and performance. 

How Do I Fix Low Water Pressure in My House?

Remove Natural Build-Up

One easy and non-invasive step to troubleshoot low water pressure is to check and clean aerators and showerheads. Usually a soak in vinegar solution will clear the build-up and restore the faucet back to normal flow rates.

Inspecting for sediment build-up in pipes is another step. If internal build-up is suspected, consider installing a water softener to prevent future deposits. 

Pipe Leak

Another crucial step is to check for leaks in the plumbing system. Low water pressure can result from leaks, which waste water and reduce the pressure available at fixtures. Conduct a visual inspection of all visible pipes and fixtures for signs of leaks, such as water stains, damp spots, or dripping. Perform the water meter test by recording the meter reading, not using water for a few hours, and then checking for any changes in the reading. Identified leaks can be fixed by tightening connections, replacing worn-out seals, or calling a professional for more significant repairs.

Main Water Valve

Ensuring the main water valve is fully open is also critical. A partially closed main water valve can restrict water flow and reduce pressure. Locate the main water valve, usually near the water meter or where the main line enters the home. Turn the valve counterclockwise (for gate valves) or ensure the lever is parallel to the pipe (for ball valves) to fully open it.

Sometimes, replacing fixtures or components may be necessary. If fixtures are outdated, they may not perform well even after cleaning. Consider replacing faucets, showerheads, and valves with modern, high-efficiency models. Additionally, replace any visibly damaged or corroded components, such as pipes, valves, or fixtures, to restore optimal water pressure.

Pressure Boosting Systems

Installing water pressure boosting systems can also help if your home’s pressure is consistently low despite other fixes. A pressure booster pump can increase water pressure, and this should be done by a professional to ensure proper sizing and installation.

Regularly inspect plumbing fixtures and pipes for signs of wear or damage, and address minor issues promptly to prevent them from escalating. Maintain your water softener to prevent sediment build-up and ensure it functions effectively.

When to Call a Professional for Low Water Pressure Issues

While many low water pressure issues can be resolved with simple DIY fixes, there are times when professional assistance is necessary. One situation that requires professional intervention is persistent low water pressure. If you have tried various troubleshooting steps and the water pressure remains consistently low, it might be time to call a professional. A plumber can conduct a comprehensive inspection to diagnose complex issues that may not be apparent to homeowners, such as hidden leaks, major pipe obstructions, or problems with the municipal water supply.

Major leaks are another scenario where professional help should be recruited. Significant water damage, large wet spots, mold growth, or consistently high water bills indicate that you may have major leaks. 

If you have a faulty pressure regulator, it is best to call a professional. Symptoms of a malfunctioning pressure regulator include inconsistent water pressure, loud noises from pipes, or water pressure that is too high or too low. Pressure regulators can be tricky to diagnose and adjust. A professional can test the regulator, make precise adjustments, or replace it if necessary to ensure proper water pressure.

Issues with the main water line also require professional attention. If low water pressure affects the entire home, particularly if neighbors are not experiencing similar issues, the problem might lie with the main water line. These problems can be extensive and may require excavation and specialized repairs. A professional plumber can handle these complex tasks safely and in compliance with local regulations.

For the installation of pressure boosting systems, professional assistance is necessary. If you have chronic low water pressure despite all other fixes, installing a pressure booster pump or other pressure-boosting systems might be the solution. This process requires careful planning and proper installation. A professional can ensure the system is correctly sized and installed for optimal performance.

While hiring a professional might seem more expensive upfront, it can save you time and money in the long run by preventing further damage and reducing the need for repeated repairs. Many professional plumbing services offer warranties on their work, providing peace of mind. Additionally, professional plumbers are insured, protecting you from liability in case of accidents or damages during the repair process. 

When choosing a professional or contractor, check their credentials and licensing. Ensure the plumber is licensed and certified to work in your area, as licensing guarantees that they have met the required training and professional standards. Look for a plumber with extensive experience, particularly with the specific issues you’re facing. Some plumbers specialize in residential plumbing, while others may have more expertise in commercial systems or specific types of repairs. Obtain quotes from several prospects to compare prices and services, ensuring that the quotes are detailed and include all potential costs. Inquire about warranties on parts and labor, as a reputable professional should stand by their work and offer guarantees to ensure customer satisfaction.